Maori and Tibetan Education systems from 1945 to present

Probably the sharpest individuals ever to live, Albert Einstein, changed our general public's advancement perpetually with his perspectives, hypotheses, and improvements. Einstein was conceived in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879. He was the main child of Hermann and Pauline Kech Einstein. He spent his childhood in Munich, where his family possessed a little electrical hardware plant. He didn't talk until the age of three and by the age of nine, was as yet not conversant in his local language. (Finding World History) His folks were really concerned the he may be to some degree intellectually impeded. His parent's interests aside, even as a young Einstein demonstrated a splendid interest in nature and a capacity to comprehend troublesome scientific ideas. At 12 years old he showed himself Euclidian Geometry. Einstein abhorred the dull regimental and bland soul of school in Munich. (Albert Einstein's Early Life) His folks carefully thought to move him out of that condition. In spite of the fact that Einstein's family was Jewish, he was sent to a Catholic grade school from 1884 to 1889. He was then selected at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich. In 1894, Hermann Einstein's business fizzled and the family moved to Pavia, close to Milan, Italy. Einstein was abandoned in Munich to permit him to complete school. Such was not to be the situation, in any case, since he left the recreation center after just six additional months. Einstein's biographer, Philip Frank, clarifies that Einstein so altogether disdained proper tutoring that he concocted a plan by which he got a clinical reason from school based on a likely mental meltdown. He at that point persuaded a science instructor to guarantee that he was satisfactorily arranged to start his school concentrates without a secondary school confirmation. Different life stories, in any case, express that Einstein was ousted from the exercise room in light of the fact that he was a troublesome impact at the school. (Fi nding World History) In 1895, Einstein thought himself prepared to take the placement test for the Eldgenossiche Technische Hochschule (ETH: Swiss Federal Polytechnic School, or Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), where he intended to study electrical building. At the point when he bombed that assessment, Einstein enlisted at a Swiss cantonal secondary school in Aarau. He found the more fair style of guidance at Aarau considerably more agreeable than his involvement with Munich and before long started to gain quick ground. He took the selection test for ETH a second time in 1896, passed, and was confessed to class, albeit different sources express that he was conceded without assessment based on his recognition from Aarau. ETH had little allure to Einstein, be that as it may. He seldom went to classes and abhorred reading for assessments, in spite of the fact that he graduated with an auxiliary showing degree in 1900. He turned into an educator of arithmetic and material science in auxiliary school. (Albert Einstein's Early Life) As an instructor Einstein couldn't get a customary showing line of work. Rather he was a mentor in a tuition based school in Schaffhausen. With his additional time in 1901, Einstein distributed his first logical paper, Results of Capillary Phenomena.? In 1902 he was employed at the patent office until 1909. During this timeframe, he was marry to his first spouse Mileva Marie and had two children and a little girl. There are no records of his little girl because of the way that she was surrendered for selection, they basically didn't need her. (Finding World History) In 1905, during a solitary year, Einstein created a progression of three continuous papers. These are among the most significant in twentieth-century material science, and maybe in the entirety of the written history of science for they changed the manner in which researchers take a gander at the idea of room, time, and matter. (Finding World History) The arrangement of three papers managed the idea of molecule development known as Brownian movement, the quantum idea of electromagnetic radiation as showed by the photoelectric impact, and the exceptional hypothesis of relativity (Discovering Science). The main paper of the arrangement, On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquid Demanded by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat,? managed a wonder previously saw by Scottish Botanist Robert Brown in 1827. Earthy colored expressed that minuscule particles, for example, dust particles, move about with a crisscross movement when suspended in water. The obvious development of

French Expressions Using Soir and Soirée

French Expressions Using Soir and Soirã ©e The French words un soir and une soirã ©e both mean night (we clarify the distinction here) and are additionally utilized in numerous articulations. A large number of the articulations including soirâ and soirã ©eâ are expressions - phrases with implications that cant be gotten from an immediate interpretation of the words they use. With this rundown of articulations utilizing soirâ andâ soirã ©e,â you can figure out how to state as often as possible utilized platitudes like anâ evening supper, an evening person, formal wear and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Normal French Expressions With Soir prendre matin midi et soirto be taken multiple times a dayau soir de sa vieto be at night of his lifeles cours du soirnight classesã ªtre du soirto be a night owlIl est arrivã © un lover soir.He turned up one evening.le repas du soirevening mealune robe du soirevening gownle soir slide/tombeevening is shutting inla veille au soirthe past eveningVoulez-vous coucher avec moi ce soir ?Do you need to lay down with me today around evening time? Normal French Expressions Using Soire bonne soirã ©ehave a pleasant eveningune soirã ©eparty, evening performanceune soirã ©e dansantedance​la behavior de soirã ©eformal wear, evening dressla behavior de soirã ©e de rigueurblack tie

My New Hobby.

My New Hobby…. The other day my roommate and I decided that there was a flaw in the English language. Id point out flaws in other langauges, but my mastery of them leaves quite a bit to be desired. On a tangential note, Ive been taking a crash course in conversational German in preparation for a trip Im taking in two weeks to give a presentation at Mainz Universitat (thats a whole other blog) and if this course is to be believed, the Germans spend a perhaps disturbing amount of time talking about what the women and children are eating. Anyway, we noticed that it was difficult to indicate the intensity without relying on really**n, a problem only exacerbated by sleep deprivation. So we decided to take the ambiguity out of it. How? S.I. prefixes. So if youre kinda excited about something, you can go ahead and say youre kilo-excited. Exam tomorrow that you havent studied for? Femto-cool. You could even apply it to those tricky end-of-relationship conversations: Its not that I dont care, its just that we care on different orders of magnitude. Youre like an exa, and Im at a centi. Whats more, you can apply it to the magnitude of abstraction you take in a subject to indicate your level of understanding. For example, Id say I have a pretty nano-understanding of mechanical engineering, meaning theres little abstraction. Meanwhile, biology hovers around the Tera-level, because Im totally satisfied to believe the human body runs on magic. Try it out, its great fun with your geek friends! Speaking of geek friends, youre bound to make many many more come CPW next week! Up your excitement a few powers of 10. : )

A Little Stress Never Hurt Anybody - 1279 Words

A Little Stress Never Hurt Anybody Everyone has a general idea of the definition of the word stress, and most people view it in a negative way. Stress is simply, â€Å"the relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing and endangering to his or her well-being† (McGowan 92). Stress can be caused by many things, such as being unhappy with a job, having too many responsibilities, or overworking. Stress can affect a person’s body, mood, and behavior. Events that cause stress are known as stressors; this covers a variety of different situations. Stressors can vary greatly, being anything from a risk of physical danger to taking a test. The human body responds to these stressors by activating the nervous system and specific hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, which increase breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. There are two types of stress: distress, which is the harmful form; and eustress, which is the more pos itive form of stress. According to Social Indicators Research, â€Å"people who experience a certain level of stress can actually be more productive and produce more effectively than if the stress was eliminated† (O’Sullivan). Not all stress is bad for the body; in fact, some stress can actually do the body good and help in certain areas of one’s life. According to thefreedictionary.com, eustress is a positive form of stress (â€Å"Eustress†), the word contains two different parts, the Greek prefix â€Å"eu† means well orShow MoreRelatedThe Mother Of A Legend1177 Words   |  5 Pagesinteract with others a certain way, my mother would remind us that just because we don’t want to do something doesn’t mean we shouldn’t. She would also let us know that there is either a reward or punishment for whatever we decide to or not to do. I never fully realized how worthy my mom was to say this until recently, when she graduated with her Master’s degree in education. With all the obligations my mom has, this would seem to be an impossible feat. On the contrary, she made it happen. The firstRead MoreNegative Effect On Football1197 Words   |  5 Pagesfootball has brought joy to people all across America. Since football was created, many people across the world have used it for hundreds of reasons including bringing families together. Then, for the ones actually playing the game, the use it for a stress reliever an out from reality a moment out of their life where all they have to worry about is doing one thing that they love playing their sport. On the other hand, though there is one major complication that stops people from playing Chronic TraumaticRead MoreComedy : The New Critical Idiom1426 Words   |  6 Pagesmedicine to relief stress when someone is going through a tough time. 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Back in the day men would never wear anything that look like a diaper or looked like something that a toddler would wear. So what has changed in people in society to switch to use them? Men, the center of the family, a person that is to be at his best all the time can one day fall into something that is not suppose to happen. Everyday men are being put to the test in their jobs and now it is putting stress onto them. For a man they want people to look at them andRead MoreReflection Paper868 Words   |  4 Pagesnot have any other cares in the world, as you turn around to see a parent or step-parent leave for work. You tell them bye and that you love them, as they walk out the door, but receive no response. You feel hurt by this and think that you did something wrong, but soon find out that you will never see this parent again. They left your family, for a â€Å"better life.† This takes an emotional toll on your whole family, but particularly you. 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The Poetics of Oedipus and Dana Marschz - 1312 Words

Creon, in Sophocles Oedipus the King, declares to Oedipus that his power ends; none of [his] power follows [him] through life. (Fagles, 652:1677-8) This edict communicates the transience of mortal abilities, and the hubris of those mortals. In the 2008 film Hamlet 2, Dana Marschz perceives himself as an excellent writer producing the work that will save Drama (Hamlet 2, 00:27:58-28:00), which the community loathes for its mediocrity rather than celebrates for its merits. Comparison of the two works demonstrates an erosion of the tragic genre in modern works. Through Aristotles three elements of plot in the Poetics; anagnorisis, hamartia, and the scene of suffering; the similarities and differences of the works becomes clear.†¦show more content†¦The attempts to quarantine the quests only emboldened them. The Shepherd is no more [Oedipus father] than Polybus (Fagles, 638:1114) and he told Oedipus so, hoping to calm his fears in such enlightenment. Furthermore, Polybus paterni ty is what kept Oedipus fear of the prophecy at bay. The truth, rather than calm him, provokes the dreaded ending wrought with fear and loathing. As Brie left Dana, she reveals that he is sterile. This revelation should have been one of relief; he would not be an estranged father limited in visits to his child. Instead, he learns of Bries affair with Gary, a devastating blow to his ego and the elimination of a constant in his life. Concerning the reversals relating to Oedipus and Danas ultimate fate, Oedipus commands Creon to speak to us all (Fagles, 615:105) with his news from the oracle. Because he made the exile of the murderer such a public affair in efforts to unite the citizenry, this act led to the exile of Oedipus their king, an event sure to leave the political structure of Thebes in turmoil. Dana, dissatisfied with the loss of his wife, begins drinking after ten years of sobriety in hopes of relaxing his anxiety. This broken vow leads to a breakdown the morning of the prod uction, wrecking the morale of the actors and forcing the mute Yolanda to make a rousing speech. Oedipus damning reversal came by fulfilling a promise to the citizenry, while that of

European Management Free Essays

Generally, there are two types of customers in the wedding band business. One of them is a couple who is getting engaged or getting married and therefore needs a wedding band to wear it life-long; the second type of customers is a couple who decides to change their wedding bands and buy a new one. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on European Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Description of Values, Strategy, Mission Vision, and Actual Business In this part of our work we give you the description of the company in the general meaning, as well as its values, vision and mission. Moreover, we analyze its actual usiness and management model. Every company in the world should have its own values. It means that companies are guided by some principles and internal conducts. Moreover, all of the companies are connected to their customers, partners, shareholders, and etc. In order to attract or influence those stakeholders companies usually state their vision and mission (BusinessDictionary, n. d. ). The values of the company Rubin Alyans are gold wedding bands and solitaire rings. Those products are very important for the company and also for the buyers as they are the customers of the companys customers, the so- called end-users. Traditionally in many countries married couples wear wedding bands to show or announce to the world that they are married. The fact that the company value is also a multicultural sign decides any action and strategy. Another value of the company is there special packages as including nice presents for the couples. The strategy of this company is highly sensitive on the quality of the products because its products are mostly worn during the day and night, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. There is no other product that a person wears on him or her such a long time. The vision of the company is much more competitive. They are lucky to be in a competition in which other companies compete with their price and not many of them have a strange and unpredictable vision. So the company would like to stay with their competitive advantages, increase them in the future. Their future vision is also to grow, therefore first become a mid-sized and then a big-sized company in order to expand also more into foreign countries; to increase the possibility of targeting new countries more easily due to financial terms. The company mission is to produce and sell wedding bands to the couples that they can wear lifelong without any complaints. The way to success in their business is to make the high quality wedding band with the elegance and simple design. The simplicity of the ring is important because for many people it is difficult to choose the wedding ring which they would admire forever. Those who decide and buy the product know very well that the choice is very important. Besides all of the strategies and marketing plans, the most important function in Jewellery business is that the product has a change value as it is operating in the gold business. The accuracy that you mark inside the ring should be correct with the ring’s. Better to explain by an example: When you mark 14K in the ring the accuracy should be 585 which is the gram percentage of the gold in 1 kg. If it is less than the marked one, it has a serious penalty and besides everything mentioned, whatever we do we always have to be sure of the gold accuracy of ring. 1. 1. 2 Actual Business Model This company fills rather the criteria of an actual business model than of a traditional business model due to the following reasons. 2 The process of creating golden rings is based on market needs, so to say on the actual demands of customers. The customers demand for the rings and therefore, edding bands are developed, created, and at least produced. Hence, the demand for brand capital is high. We can see a customer-focus because they are those who decide how their final wedding ring will look like. The wedding rings are created according to the customers. To be aware of the need of customization in this business is a very important factor to be successful in the gold industry. It is also possible to imply that there is a high demand for human capital. How to cite European Management, Papers

Evolution of Communication and Language †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Describe the different ways organizations can go international. Explain how the global political/legal and economic environments affect managers of global organizations? 2. Differentiate between social obligation, social responsiveness and social responsibility. What does social responsibility mean to you personally? Do you think business organizations should be social responsible? Explain. 3. Define communication, interpersonal communication and organizational communication. Why isnt effective communication synonymous with agreement? Explain the components in the communication process. What are the various communication methods managers can use? What criteria can managers use to evaluate those communication methods? Answers: Different ways organizations can go International 1. Connect with companies that are recognized- Pittsburgh Technology Council is the example of resource that can be used to find the companies which provide related products and services in other countries (Morse, 2017). Contact can be done in the U.S office as many foreign companies maintain their offices in America. It helps business to get familiar with the foreign companies. Strong local leader- Business should identify a local leader who have the knowledge about the working of business in foreign country and understand the culture, language and communicate business idea clearly and effectively. This should be done because rules and regulations of all the countries vary from each other with difference in language and culture. Visit the place- Business cannot be established in foreign country without visiting that place where business want to operate. E-Mails and telecommuting cannot help in maintaining good relations with the foreign partners with whom business want to work. To maintain good relations with the foreign partners business person have to move from the local place and should visit their partners because it is important to show them about strength and efforts of the business. Joint Ventures- Joint venture is one of the good option for entering into the international market and working with the company of related field. Business can propose its ideas that can be beneficial for both the companies it can be done with the healthy communication and listening their ideas. Joint venture can be beneficial for the company as they do not need to invest in the infrastructure, office and employing workforce (Morse, 2017). U.S political and legal system is stable with well established procedures (Robbins. 2010). It is very uncommon in U.S that anything radical occur at the time of change in the political party. Prediction can be easily due to stability of the law but it is not common in all the countries for this managers have to be informed about the laws of the country where they are doing business. Venezuela, Nigeria and Iran are the countries with highest risky political climate. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Thailand, India, Philippines and China etc. are the countries with elevated risk. Dramatic uncertainty is faced by the managers of businesses in high risk countries. For some of the Asian countries political interference is a fact. While doing the business in other country it is important to know its economic system, whether it is a free market economy or planned economy. Managers should be aware of the economic system of other country to work there because it helps in decision-making. Issues that manager face in other country are inflation rate, tax policies and exchange rates of currency as profit of the company vary according to the strength of the currency of home country and other country (Robbins. 2010). These issue can affect the profit of the company and decision of the manager. Manager should monitor properly the changes in the inflation trends and tax rules to make decisions. Social Obligation Social Responsibility Social Responsiveness Social obligation take place when a firm involve in the social actions because of its duty to meet legal and economic responsibilities. Organizations do nothing more than its duties. Social responsibility means intension of business to go beyond its economic and legal duties and to work for the societies benefit in a right manner (Montana Charnov, 2008). Social responsiveness take place in reaction to the social need which is very popular, business involve in social actions. Social obligation is reactive. Social responsibility is prescriptive. Social responsiveness is proactive. Legal requirement are followed. Works more than the requirements. Socially responsible acts are searched. Consider only economic aspects. Public stands are avoided on issues. Public stands are considered on issues. Proscriptive Works more than the law requirements. Predicts and check problems (Sims, 2003). 2. Social responsibility is very important topic and becoming popular internationally. People and organizations both should involve in social responsibility. Being socially responsible shows that we are aware about our decisions and how they affect others, it reflects our self-management and self-awareness skills. Individual social responsibilities and ethics are linked with corporate social responsibilities and corporate ethics both cannot be separates as humans are the one who make corporate policies. Social responsibility means business is responsible towards the welfare of the society and should not harm the society (Saylor. 2017). Corporate social responsibility provides a link between the organization and society. Aim of Corporate social responsibility relationship improvement inside the organization as well as outside the organization, strategic partnership, economy development. Corporate social responsibility is said to be the firms duty. It is a modern trend developed for the business. It has become a trend performed by businessmen for improving the relation between people and society. Following social responsibility is considered to be a waste of money by many people which is wrong. In fact following corporate social responsibility leads to the increase in the profit of the organization. It is a way of benefiting society as well as business. Corporate social responsibility does not only help organization in getting popular in the society but it is a source of competitive advantage, innovations and opportunities (Dyaksov, 2015). Charity and campaigns provide lot of advantages to the business. Some of the a dvantages of Social responsibility are- Satisfaction to the shareholders- Shareholders always want that the company in which they are investing should be popular and have good image in the society. Satisfaction of employee- Employees feel proud to work in an organization that helps the society and have good reputation in the society. This leads to bring out best from the employees and they work harder. Increase in the customer loyalty- Customers are loyal to those organizations that are socially responsible and do a lot for the benefit of the society. Good reputation and brand image Long-term partnership 3. Communications comes from a Latin word that means to share. It means sharing of concepts, behaviors, text and ideas. In communication information is transferred from person to person. There are different ways of transferring information. There are three important elements of communication i.e. sender, receiver and medium (Friel, 2017). Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication takes place between more than two persons. In this message, thoughts and ideas are exchanged. Interpersonal communication can be done on telephone, mails and face to face. In interpersonal communication way of transferring information is as important as the message. Body language, voice tone and expressions are given more importance as it leaves an impact of sender on receiver. Important features of interpersonal communication are contextual, unrepeatable, inescapable and complex (Concordia University Texas. 2017). Exchange of information within the organization or outside the organization is known as Organizational communication for achieving the common goals. It is depend on the culture. Transfer of information takes place through the channel of communication. Organizational communication helps in completing the task, helps in maintaining and communicating procedures and policies of the organization, helps in developing relations between people inside the organization and outside the organization, helps in managing the operations of the organization (Lumen. 2017). Effective communication is different from agreement because if receiver do not agree with us then we take it as receiver did not understand our position. Many people explained that if receiver accept our point then it is said to be a good communication (Economic administration university of China. 2013). Many times when receiver disagree with the message even after receiving the message properly. Everyone has their own opinions. If message was sent and received then it is said as effective communication even after the personal disagreement. Communication process involves four components, they are Sender, Message or information, Channel of communication and Receiver. Sender- In the process of communication sender is the main source who sends the information or message to the receiver. Sender is the one who have full understanding of the concept. Sender is also known as encoder in the communication process. Message- Message or information is the idea of the sender. It can be in the form of message, spoken, expression, picture etc. Channel of Communication- It is the medium through which message is send to receiver by sender. Receiver- Receiver is the one for whom message is sent. Receiver is also known as decoder. Receive should decode the message properly to understand it Feedback- Receiver should provide his feedback to the sender about the understanding of the message and his point of view. Methods used by managers for communication are meetings, fax, audio-video tapes, voice mail, e-mail, face-to-face, conferencing, hotlines, telephones (Rohn, 2016). Criteria that managers can use for evaluation of communication methods are confidentiality, cost, and formality, time of consumption, feedback, encoding ease, time-place constraints and decoding ease (Nolfi Mirolli, 2009). References Concordia University Texas. (2017). Building relationships: What is Interpersonal communication. Retrieved from: https://online.concordia.edu/program-resources/what-is-interpersonal-communication/ Dyaksov, P. (2015). Why should business be socially responsible? Retrieved from: https://dyaksov.com/entrepreneurship/why-should-business-be-socially-responsible/ Economic administration university of China. (2013). Managers and Communication. Retrieved from: https://www.eauc.hk/show.asp?id=290 Friel, D. (2017). What is communication? Retrieved from: https://entrepreneurhandbook.co.uk/what-is-communication/ Lumen. (2017). What Is Organizational Communication? Retrieved from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introductiontocommunication/chapter/what-is-organizational-communication/ Montana, P.J Charnov, B.H. (2008). Management. Barron's Educational Series. Morse, T. (2017). Going Global: 4 Ways to expand into international markets. Retrieved from: https://www.americanexpress.com/us/small-business/openforum/articles/going-global-4-ways-to-expand-into-international-markets/ Nolfi, S Mirolli, M. (2009). Evolution of Communication and Language in Embodied Agents. Springer Science Business Media. Robbins. (2010). Management. India: Pearson Education India. Rohn, J. (2016). Different Effective Methods of Communication. Retrieved from: https://www.educba.com/different-methods-of-communication/ Saylor. (2017). Social Responsibility. Retrieved from: https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_human-relations/s09-03-social-responsibility.html Sims, R.R. (2003). Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility: Why Giants Fall. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Chinese Way To Market Economy Essays - Economy Of China, China

Chinese Way To Market Economy Introduction Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the economy from a sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy but still within a rigid political framework of Communist Party control. To this end the authorities switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and investment. The result has been a quadrupling of GDP since 1978 (CIA, 1998). Agricultural output doubled in the 1980s, and industry also posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment helped spur output of both domestic and export goods. On the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the worst result s of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals. In 1992-97 annual growth of GDP accelerated, particularly in the coastal areas?averaging about 10% annually according to official figures (CIA, 1998). This purpose will analyze the efforts of China's government to restore its economy to a more performing one in spite of many challenges. China's Economy: An Overview Over the past 10 years, China's GDP has grown at an average annual rate of nearly 10%. Some economists have speculated that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future. However, future economic growth will likely depend on the ability of the Chinese government to make significant new reforms. Chinese officials have recently announced major new initiatives to reform money-losing state-owned enterprises and China's banking system. It remains to be seen whether such reforms will be implemented on a wholesale or piecemeal level (Yifu, 1998). China's emergence as a global economic and trade power has created economic opportunities for China's trading partners, but has presented several challenges as well. On the one hand, China's economic growth has made it an increasingly important trading partner for many nations. On the other hand, China's trade barriers, failure to adopt most multilateral rules on international trade, and the relative absence of the rule of law for business activities have often proved to be major barriers for doing business in China and have been the cause of growing tensions with various trading partners, especially the United States (Yifu, 1998). Currently, China Bibliography Introduction Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the economy from a sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy but still within a rigid political framework of Communist Party control. To this end the authorities switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and investment. The result has been a quadrupling of GDP since 1978 (CIA, 1998). Agricultural output doubled in the 1980s, and industry also posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment helped spur output of both domestic and export goods. On the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the worst result s of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals. In 1992-97 annual growth of GDP accelerated, particularly in the coastal areas?averaging about 10% annually according to official figures (CIA, 1998). This purpose will analyze the efforts of China's government to restore its economy to a more performing one in spite of many challenges. China's Economy: An Overview Over the past 10 years, China's GDP has grown at an average annual rate of nearly 10%. Some economists have speculated that China could become the world's largest economy at some point in the near future. However, future economic growth will likely depend on the ability of the Chinese government to make significant new reforms. Chinese

Benefits of International Comm essays

Benefits of International Comm essays Conducting Business globally in todays society requires knowledge on technology. In the United Kingdom, UCI receives an award for business performance recognizes technologies that simultaneously enhance the environment, society and the economy. America can use a new technology like the new refrigeration systems which allow a coolant system and saves energy. Below is an excerpt from the article: 1(ICI's Uniqema Business Receives Queen's Award for Enterprise in Sustainable Development Category). Conducting business in the 21st century will depend on our ability to create products and services that generate economic prosperity and contribute to environmental quality in a socially responsible and equitable manner. To date, worldwide, more than 400 million refrigeration compressors have been filled with Uniqema's EMKARATE RL technology. Major environmental benefits have been realized in North America and Europe and parts of Asia, where a successful transition has been made away from ozone-depleting CFCs in refrigerant systems, with the developing world not far behind. In the area of reducing greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, this technology has allowed a reduction of 3.3 million tonnes of carbon emissions in the USA and 23 million tonnes globally. There are many benefits ways to communicate through cultures. In the 21st century major business rely on cross-cultural Communication. After reading William Cruzs article on Communicating across Culture, I realized that there are a lot of benefits to doing this. The benefit that I think is most important to the business is to seeing how the differences in nonverbal communication styles cause misperceptions, misinterpretation and lead to misunderstanding. Not being able to understand someone gestures due to different culture styles will not help business. It is important fo ...

The Crusades Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Crusades - Research Paper Example Scholars commonly attempt to mark crusades as the Europeans’ military expeditions against the Muslims who were then occupying the holy places in Jerusalem. In this sense, there were about four major crusades which were led during this period. But the most successful one of all these crusades was the First one in which the Crusaders could successfully occupy Antioch and Jerusalem, two most important cities of the Muslims.1 But the First Crusade was important not only for its success but also for its historical, sociopolitical and cultural background. Indeed, though on the surface level, it was a response to Pope Urban’s (II) call, it was, in reality, the reflection of an age which had experienced heavy conflict between Monarchy and Church. During the 11th century, the conflict between the State and the Church began with the Investiture Controversy which was a â€Å"dispute between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII concerning who would appoint bishops†2. Beside th is state-church conflict, the whole religious system got divided into a number of groups and subgroups. But the most important religious schism was the East-West Schism. Scholars claim that along with other socioeconomic and cultural factors, the state-church conflict and the East-West Schism played a crucial role in preparing the plot of the First Crusade. Moreover, this was the only one successful whereas all of the following crusades ended in smoke. In this paper, I will discuss what factors work behind the materialization of the First Crusade and why it became successful whereas the Second Crusade failed. Though it is commonly believed that the first Crusade was mainly the result of Common Europeans’ spontaneous response to Pope Urban’s (II) call, it was basically the outcome of the reformist soul of the early 11th century as well as a reaction to other contemporary sociopolitical and religious events of that era.3 A close scrutiny of the historical contexts of the First Crusade will necessarily show that it was related to the sociopolitical and religious zeal and the state-church conflict in a number of ways. So, the First Crusade was more of a sociopolitical event than a pure spiritual response of the common people. In fact, Pope Urban’s religious stance tends to hide other sociopolitical aspects of the First Crusade. This religious trend of the crusade further tends to hide the fact that though Pope Urban could motivate common people by manipulating their religiosity, his call for the Crusade was not purely religious. Rather it was Pope Urban’s attempt to consolidate his power over the state.4 In fact, due to the lack of any primary document on Pope Urban’s intention behind the First Crusade, the event remains open to interpretation. Historians’ interpretations about the drives of the First Crusades are based mainly on three points: a. the 11th century religious reform movement, b. the Seldjuk’s or the Mu slims’ threat which the Eastern Roman Orthodoxy was facing during those days, c. consolidation of Papacy’s hold on the state’s power as well as on entire European Christendom. A critical analysis of the factors behind the First Crusade will show that all of these three causes had played equal role in organizing the First Crusade. Seldjuk’s Threat in the East as a Primary Cause of First Crusade Some historians often attempt to underestimate the

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 26

Economics - Essay Example In some cases, financial models may also quantify the financial impact of the policies of the firm, and of covenants or restrictions imposed by lenders or investors. A cash budget is a basic financial model. The engineering consulting firm generates a stream of $48,000 in monthly revenue for the first year from six customers, two per partner. A lot of time is spent on travels, about 30 trips per partner, in a year at a cost of $2,000 per trip. Every partner buys a new computer and updates software for $5000 per year. The firm looks forward to expanding to four customers per partner by the third year with assumed monthly revenue of $3000. The financial model is the gold standard for valuation. Cash budget and cash flow have been indicated as the best proxy for financial performance of corporate. The above financial model is easy to build just like cash flow. One column holds annual cash flow estimates, and rows hold individual itemized expenses. The models states yearly estimates depending on the firm’s revenue generation. In the case of existing growth rates, one can create bulk estimates that apply the same rate of growth for the five years. It is significant to note that sophisticated or detailed modeling does not substitute discretion or judgment. Reality checks will be conducted periodically concerning the core assumptions. The financial model illustrates what the firm must do in order to grow, the value of the growth, and what is expected of the firm. Financial models, even though take time to build, can pay for the consumed time and result into better investment

The Reasons Behind The Largest Corporate Scandal Of India Accounting Essay

The Reasons Behind The Largest Corporate Scandal Of India Accounting Essay Satyam means Truth and the truth was revealed very late in case of Indias one of the largest IT company, Satyam Computers Services Limited. By the time, Satyam fraud came to public light, Ramalinga Raju, the chairman of the company, had already committed Indias largest corporate fraud ever. The first section of essay will discuss the reasons behind the largest corporate scandal of India. It will discuss why people with billions in banks go corrupt. In this section, it will argue on the negligence and violation of duty by various elements involved in the wrongdoing. Then, the next section of essay will state some recommendations to avoid further frauds or scams. In the first section, we will discuss why big businessmen or rich people who are very famous and known to the world, sometimes, step out of line of honesty. By doing this, they break the trust of people and lose all their repute and name that they had gained by working hard in their lives. The first reason for their divergence from honesty to dishonesty is sense of ownership. If a person is the only owner or founder of the company, then he finds it easy to do what he wants with his business. He thinks that it is his business and money. Security of getting away with any wrongdoing makes him comfortable. He becomes unaware of the consequences and keeps on doing wrong things again and again. The owners and founders of companies, sometimes, dont like outer interference in their business and they do only what, they think is best in their interest. Hence, this sense of ownership, somehow, leads to greed. They dont think of other people who put their money in business. They justify themselves that they are permitted to do what they want with that money because it is their business. They just ignore the rights of other stakeholders who are involved in business too (Kaur and Mishra, 2010). Hence their unethical behaviour cost them a lot at the end because one day everybody comes to know about crime. In Satyam case, ownership structure of Indian companies is also responsible to some extent. The popularity of family owned businesses in India led to concentrated business control. In this system, independent directors agree to act in interest of family group. They just ignore the interests of the company and minority shareholders and act in the way that is best for their benefit. Some corporations are generally structured in a pyramid structure. The pyramid structure comprises of some separate business lines. Different businesses are considered as one entity and are controlled by one group at the top. Thus, they can transfer money from one entity to another as required (Winkler, 2010). Hence, it can lead to tunneling. Tunneling is a process in which a control group moves money from one company to another company, where they possess bigger share. Also, in pyramid structure, it is hard for outside shareholders to check inner performance of business entities (Winkler, 2010). Because of pyramid structure and consolidated control of the business, board of directors of Satyam didnt do their duty independently. They approved the purchase of family owned company of Chairman Mr. Raju, Maytas properties and Maytas Infrastructure. It was not an IT company and Mr. Raju had larger shares in Maytas than in Satyam. Thus, ownership structure of business impacted the performance of directors in another way (Winkler, 2010). Another reason for the professional misconduct of billionaire businessmen is the desire to do something different. Sometimes they think that they have achieved everything in their life, so what is next exciting job for them. Thus, the thrill of danger involved gives them the drive to do something unusual. So, they tend to try new things in their jobs to gain more advantage out of their business. Thus, gradually, this tendency leads to their deviation from right to wrong and they cant step back because they merge themselves in the offence to that extent that they fear to get exposed to the public. So they keep on doing that without expecting to get caught one day. Sometimes, people start their offence with small misconduct. To get benefit, they just try a mischief by manipulating the account books by little difference. They think that is very easy as they didnt get caught. So, next year they again do that to cover last years gap. Then, they feel uneasy to stop that as they dont know how to get out of this. Hence, they commit that mistake again and again until that mistake gets transformed to a blunder and then to a largest fraud. In case of Satyam, Ramalinga Raju had to overstate the income every quarter to cover the last gaps. When he finally disclosed the fraud, he mentioned, It was like riding a tiger, not knowing how to get off without being eaten (Winkler, 2010 pg 5). Thus, a small mistake led him to the edge, where he didnt know how to get back and he became convicted of the scam of billions. In a competitive corporate world, billionaires become prone to be more successful than their rivals. They become habitual of winning. So, when they perceive that next situation is not going to be in their favour, it hurts their sense of pride. Thus, they become ready to do anything to maintain their status and repute. They just forget that by choosing wrong way to success, their pride will sustain for short term. For the long term, they will have to pay for every wrong deed. Thus, all the above mentioned reasons together give an example of weak corporate governance of India. Personal greed of the chairman and negligence of duty by board of directors and the audit committee resulted in a worst scandal in Indian history. Now, the second section of essay will provide some implications to prevent these types of corporate frauds in future. After Satyam scandal, Indian regulators started working for the improvement in corporate governance of India. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is a main regulatory authority for Indias stock market (Afsharipour, 2009). It proposed some regulations that should be strictly followed by all companies to maintain good governance standards. But, still it is difficult for the corporate government of India to make changes in their standards in short period of time to prevent further frauds. Still, it can be achieved by facilitating strict enforcement of their rules. First of all, government should take initiative by being strict in its laws and regulations. Government can initiate this from the roots of crime, that is, bribery. They should punish the bribe givers and bribe takers. The persons, who give or take bribe for their own interests and grab the rights of other people involved in the business, deserve punishment. It will help to prevent further corruption as people will avoid it for the fear of strict punishment. If still any person is involved in any kind of fraud or scam, they should be sent to prison and their assets should be seized. They should make suffer hard so that in future nobody will feel secure or easy to get away with a crime. Also, there are some duties of companies towards their employees. Employees should be encouraged to whistle blowing. Whistleblowing helps to avoid and eliminate evil and to decrease the probability of misconduct and dishonesty in an organisation (Grace Cohen 2010). All the employees should be aware of the means that how can they disclose unethical behaviour of board member or any other person in the company without getting affected. This would create a strict and honest environment in the companies as everybody will be afraid of getting caught if they would chose to be corrupt. Also, to make this step successful, whistle blowers should firstly, provide full protection. That will encourage them to follow the moral behaviour and stand against evil. This practice will play an important role in the prevention of corruption and frauds. Moreover, to get best out of their workforce companies can encourage employees to buy some shares from the company. If employees have some shares in the c ompany, they are working; they will work for the best interest of the company. They will not favour any bribery and stand against evil in firm. Hence, it will lead to best corporate results. To avoid unethical behaviours in companies, business should be run on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility. Under this concept, businesses become committed to behave ethically. In the companies, duties are performed morally towards contribution to economic development, while considering the interests of employees, all stakeholders and society as a whole (Ferrar, 2008). CSR works in long term interest of the company and it also increases companys reputation. Hence, a company working on the concept of CSR will have good quality workforce who will focus on the interests of all the people attached to the business. In corporations, there are two audit committees. First is internal audit committee that is comprised of independent directors of the company. They scan all the operations in the firm including income statements. They make sure that no unreliable and false information regarding financial report would be given to the shareholders (Solomon, 2007). They are responsible for the internal audit system. Hence they ensure the accuracy of all the operations inside the firm. External auditors are the auditors from outside the company. They review the performance of internal auditors, that is, they check internal audit functions. They scan companys whole financial reporting process (Afsharipour, 2009). In India, there is need for more clear functions of audit committees. There is need for more independence and better composition of internal auditors. More frequent meetings of audit committees should be encouraged. It will help in more effective internal control. Also, more meetings will help in effective judgement and decision making (Al-Mudhaki and Joshi, 2004). Moreover, an audit committee should not work with a company for more than five years. They should be changed after every five years, otherwise, they will get lazy working with same company and they might get involved with some people of company. That can affect their performance as auditors because their job needs total unbiasedness. Final check of the financial reports should be done by anonymous external auditors so that directors will not find any opportunity to bribe them. Hence, effective role of auditors is very necessary to avoid corporate failures. In India, corporate governance has been put into practice through clauses of Companies act 1956 (Farias, 2001). Companies Act in India has been drawn a lot from UK Companies Act 1948 (Afsharipour, 2009). But, still Indian Companies Act doesnt put more stress on the independence and qualification of board of directors and investor protection. In India, lack of independent and qualified directors leads to weak corporate governance. Most independent directors are the university professors or government officials. They show least interest in their duties and monitoring the performance of management. According to Zhang and Rajagopalan (2008), to ensure unbiasedness and quality of boardroom, foreign directors can be appointed. Also, India can open its market for foreign investors. Hence, independence of directors will ensure right and unbiased decision making and avoidance of any influence from anybody. India corporate governance needs to put great emphasis on transparency and disclosure. Transparency and disclosure are very necessary to eliminate corruption and to ensure precision of all the operations performed in a business (Zhang and Rajagopalan (2008). Corporations should not hide anything from the public. They should be transparent and clear in their operations and disclose their annual agendas every year. They should state clearly in the beginning of financial year what they are going to do and how they are going to use the shareholders money. Companies should work in favour of more voluntary disclosure. They should disclose their balance sheet position more than once a year, perhaps twice. This will help to avoid mismanagement of account books. If there would any falsification in the statements of balance sheet then it will be prevented on time. Hence, transparency and disclosure in business adds up to the value and quality of operations in the business. Companies will be mo re honest and true in their approaches leading to achievement of good corporate governance standards. Reaction of American government to Enron scandal resulted in Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA) in 1992 which holds lots of reforms in corporate governance in America. SOA put great emphasis on certification system in corporations. According to this act, each quarterly and annual report must be certified by CEO and CFO of the company (Pinto Branson, 2009). They should review the financial reports themselves and should take responsibility. This law has been adopted by Indian Companies Act in Clause 49 but it doesnt put criminal liability in case of fake or wrong statement (Afsharipour, 2009). So, absence of criminal liability means there will not be any fear of law in people and they can easily alter the financial statements. There is no benefit in implementing a regulation with no strict criminal law on the violation of that regulation. Hence, if any law is implemented by the regulators, it should be strengthened with penalties, in case if somebody dares to break those laws. It will help to i nstall fear of law in minds of people so that they wont even think to go against laws in a corporation. Failure of Indian Judicial System to settle corporate conflicts is another reason for weak corporate governance in India (Afsharipour, 2009). Delays in making decisions in judiciary process often led to ignorance of issues. Hence, judiciary processes in India are strongly criticised because of their negligence of judicial system. Thus, more steps should be taken towards the reforms in Judiciary System. This will help in timely resolving of corporate disputes and ensure the effective corporate governance standards. Ministry of Company Affairs (MCA) is government regulatory body and Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is independent securities regulator. Since creation of SEBI in 1992, there have been continuous conflicts between SEBI and MCA. (Afsharipour,2009). Simultaneous exercise of all legislative responsibilities by both regulatory bodies is increasing tension between SEBI and MCA. This conflict and competition between two groups is putting hindrance on the way of corporate governance reforms. SEBI adopted most of the legislative regulations but implemented few of them. Both of the groups have least focus on corporate governance regulations and more focus on undermining each other. So, authorisation of SEBI and MCA on the regulations in the companies should be managed effectively so as to resolve conflict between both groups. Both of the groups should work in harmony for the strict implementation of all the regulations and thus, it will further help to achieve better standards for t he corporate governance. Apart from these reforms, one thing that builds the foundation of the corporate governance is the ethics of people. So, it should be reformed from the roots. That is, students should be taught ethics in schools (Kaur and Mishra, 2010). Especially in a country like India, there is need for the honest and ethical people. Introduction of ethical education in schools would strengthen the roots of corporate governance. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to take revolutionary steps for the governance reforms to prevent corporate failures due to scandals. Hence, as no business can operate in a vacuum, directors have some fiduciary responsibilities towards stakeholders. If directors step out of line of honesty, they should be punished. The first part of essay identified some reasons for convergence in behaviour of billionaires that leads to large corporate frauds. The second part of essay provided some recommendations for corporate governance reforms which would help to prevent frauds in companies. After analysing all the points, this essay puts great emphasis on the implementation of strict laws against corruption. This would mark the prevention of debacles like Satyam for a longer time in the future. Word count: 2650

What factors contributed to the expansion of the Barnwell area from a small village in 1801 to a busy suburb of Cambridge by 1901?

* At the end of the eighteenth century Cambridge was suffering a significative diminuish of the population. We can notice this by looking at the statistics provided. Meanwhile in 1674 the population exceeded 9000, by 1728 Cambridge's population was under 8000. There were many reasons that could explain this sudden fall in population. One of them was the problem of overcrowding, and the repercussions that overcrowding causes. Possible consequences of this factor could have been: poor hygenical conditions ( lack of clean water for everyone, or excessive amounts of sewage which were hard to get rid of), lack of employment places for everyone, and also very high prices on the property market. This latter problem is strictly related with the expansion issue in Cambridge, which we will explore further on. Another factor which contributed to the fall in population towards the beginning of 1700, was the attraction that cities in the north exercised: this was the period of time in which the Industrial Revolution was fluorishing. In cities such as Manchester or Leeds ( typical northern cities), there was great possibility for employment, in the newly born industries. We will now analyze in more detail the expansion issue in Cambridge. The city of Cambridge was expanding at a very fast rate, but the space available for settlement was running short. The need for expansion claimed by the University, restricted the residential areas to delimiting and unpleasent territories. Cambridge was surrounded by land liable to flood, which was the main factor that stopped the centre of town and the residential areas from expanding. Cambridge was also surrounded by open fields, which seemed to be the only possible area in which the town could expand. These open fields, and areas surrounding the town, were mainly owned by the rich. This left the poor with the worst areas, both for settlement and agricolture. This unfair situation was overcome with the aid of the Enclosure acts, which were put in practice in 1802.. This movement entitled every land owner to a fair amount of land. For this goal to be made possible, the available land had to be divided into small strips which could be equally shared between everyone. By 1811 with the Enclosure award, the land surrounding Cambridge had finally been completely redistributed. Now that everyone had the same amount of land, the profit coming from the land would have been fairly regular, and there wouldn't be so much (disnivel) between the rich owners and the poor owners. The arrival of the Enclosure award had in a way slowed down the the fast rate at which the population was diminuishing. * The city of Cambridge had been various Ecclesiastical Parishes spread around throughout the town. Generally each area had its own Parish. During the century going from 1801 to 1901 we notice a fast rise in the population of certain Parishes, and especially the Parish of St. Andrew The Less, which was allocated in the Barnwell area (1 mile away from the city centre). The Enclosure Award in 1811, generally incremented the population of every Parish. The population gradually grew in certain Parishes, and although St. Andrew The Less had always seemed to grow at a faster rate than everother Parish, it wasn't only until 1845 and the following years that its population enourmously grew to reach a final peak of 27860 people. This population rise of this can be noticed when analysing the graph I developed. In other. We don't notice straight away in 1845 the rise in population because it takes time for settlement but in 20 years time from the statistics it is clear that rise in population is reaching its maximum peak. 1845 was the year in which the Railway was built in Cambridge, and this was a very important factor which contributed to the rise in population of this Parish. This is because the Railway was constructed in the Barnwell area. We will analyze further the reasons of such importance of the Railway, including an explanation of the ubication of this new medium of transport. For now we will only mention the where the people that populated the Parish came from. They were mainly traders, that had previously been using as a medium of trade the river and moved to the Barnwell area to make use of this new revolutionary transport which could have benefitted their business, and students and labourers from other towns that decided to move to Cambridge. The railway was faster and therefore a better value for money. As we notice from our statistics and our graph, St. Andrew The Less wasn't the only Parish in which we encountered a rise in population. Other Parishes that were situated near the river side, encountered a substantial rise in population. Not as dramatic as the one in the Parish of St. Andrew The Less, but significantly larger than the ones in Parishes ubicated in other parts of the town. An example could be the Parish of St. Andrew The Great. This Parish, as we can see from fig. ( map of Cambridge during the middle ages), is situated next to the River Cam, close to the place where once the fortress of Castle Hill was built. The reason there was a rise in population in the Parishes next to the riverside, is because some people were conservative regarding their means of transport. Many people still retained the river the best mean of transport for trading their goods. Although travelling through the river was slow, now that most of the population had moved next to the Railway, it would have been much faster to travel. Also with the diminuishing of people making use of the River Cam for their trading business, the taxes on transport through the River had fallen. Generally, using th river as a mean of transport now, had two advantages: travelling became much faster, and also cheaper. This can be seen from fig. 4 ( The River Cam toll receipts). We notice that gradually, from 1845 the tolls fell to eventually reach the value of 367 i per annum. Having said this, the Railway still remained the most popular mean of transport.

Information Gathering Obu Essay

Every Research Report requires information as the basis for analysis. Information sources can be categorised as either primary or secondary data. There is no requirement for you to collect primary data within your Research Report; it is wholly acceptable to undertake your Research Report using only secondary data. The difference between primary and secondary data is identified below. Primary data is original data that has been collected by a researcher by whatever means appropriate in the answer of a specific research question. . e. it has been collected specifically for the Research Report. Examples of primary data include questionnaires, interviews, e-mail contacts and surveys. If you decide to collect primary data as part of your research work, then you should state and justify the following: ? The data collection techniques you intend to use e. g. questionnaires, interviews. ? Your sample size and an outline of your sampling strategy. ? The method you will use to select your samp le and the likely response rate. If you intend to collect primary data from staff within your chosen organisation you must obtain permission to do this from a senior member of staff within the organisation. You should do this as early as possible during your Research Report, since if you are denied access to your desired information sources you may have to reconsider how to meet your project objectives and research questions. Secondary data is data that has been collected by others for their own purposes, but which may be used by a researcher for his or her different purposes. Examples of secondary data include reference material, books, CD ROMs and financial statements. You should always evaluate the appropriateness and relevance of secondary data sources. Information included in internet sources may not be reliable from an academic perspective and may not be appropriate for use in your Research Report. If you decide to use secondary data as part of your research work, you should state and justify your choice to do so. Where you use published secondary data you must provide precise references using the Harvard Referencing System. This is discussed in more detail in the following section. You must retain all of the information that you collected during your project work until you have received official notification of your RAP grade from Oxford Brookes University. This includes any questionnaire responses, copies of financial statements, extracts from journals, reports, magazines etc. Oxford Brookes University may wish to ask you to provide additional evidence of your information gathering following the marking of your Research and Analysis project.

Writing a Lesson Plan Anticipatory Sets

To write an effective lesson plan, you must define the anticipatory set. This is the second step of an effective  lesson plan, and you should include it after the objective and before the direct instruction. In the anticipatory set section, you outline what you will say and/or present to your students before the direct instruction of the lesson begins. The anticipatory set provides a great way for you to make sure youre prepared to introduce the material and can do so in a way that your students will relate to easily.  For example, in a lesson about the rainforest, you could ask the students to raise their hands and name plants and animals that inhabit the rainforest and then write them on the board. Purpose of Anticipatory Set The purpose of the anticipatory set is to provide continuity from previous lessons, if applicable. In the anticipatory set, the teacher alludes to familiar concepts and vocabulary as a reminder and refresher for students. In addition, the teacher tells students briefly what the lesson will be about. During the step, the teacher also: Gauges the students level of collective background knowledge of the subject to help inform instructionActivates the students existing knowledge baseWhets the classs appetite for the subject at hand The anticipatory set also allows the teacher to briefly expose students to the lessons objectives and explain how she will guide them to the end result. What to Ask Yourself In order to write your anticipatory set, consider asking yourself the following questions: How can I involve as many students as possible, piquing their interests for the subject matter to come?How should I inform my students of the lessons context and objective, in kid-friendly language?What do the students need to know before they can delve into the lesson plan itself and direct instruction? Anticipatory sets are more than just words and discussion with students. You can also engage in a brief activity or question-and-answer session to start the lesson plan in a participatory and active manner. Examples Here are a few examples of what an anticipatory set would look like in a lesson plan. These examples refer to lesson plans about animals and plants. The goal of this section of the lesson plan is to activate prior knowledge and get students thinking. Remind the children of animals and plants they have studied earlier in the year. Ask them to name a few of each and tell you a little bit about them. Ask students to raise their hands to contribute to a discussion of what they already know about plants. Write a list on the blackboard of the characteristics they name  while prompting them and offering ideas and comments as needed. Repeat the process for a discussion of the properties of animals. Point out major similarities and differences. Tell the children that it is important to learn about plants and animals because people share the Earth with animals and each depends on the other for survival. Alternatively, reread a book that you have read to the students earlier in the year. After finishing the book, ask them the same questions to get them thinking and to see what they can remember. Edited By: Janelle Cox